Understand the works of Kant, Herder, and Diderot insofar as they were critics of imperial systems. This book reconciled these themes and taught Europeans how to be personally free while remaining loyal to a larger society. Rousseau explores themes of personal freedom and the improvement of society. Understand Rousseau’s 1762 book The Social Contract. Other societal themes are criminal law reform, economic freedom and growth, and social progress. Diderot and d’Alembert’s 1751 publication of the Encyclopedia spoke to the Enlightenment ideals of empirical study of the natural world, freedom to express one’s self, and criticism of ecclesiastical entities and authoritarian governments. One of the greatest contributions of Enlightenment thinkers was the Encyclopedia. Learn the basic thoughts of authors like David Hume, Voltaire, Edward Gibbon, and Immanuel Kant to maximize your understanding of tolerance’s place in Enlightenment-era thought. The point, so to speak, of the Enlightenment was to allow for divergent points of view on the natural world that were not bound by religion. Religious tolerance, though not really extant outside of England during the Enlightenment, was vitally important to the entire movement. Voltaire is considered to be one of the first philosophes. They lead the way toward acceptance of Enlightenment ideals. The Philosophesĭue to the rise of the print culture during the Enlightenment, the Philosophes rose to prominence as writers and critics. The following topics are of great importance to your understanding of the Enlightenment and its role in the development of subsequent European societies. Use this section to guide your study on the AP® European History exam. With the rise of scientific inquiry and the pursuit of empirical analysis of the natural world, religious fanaticism and intolerance were questioned, thus weakening the standing of most religious traditions in Europe. Throughout the Enlightenment, however, the standing of these ecclesiastical traditions and institutions within the state was questioned. Religionīefore this time period, religious entities were entrenched in many European states. The empirical principles of Newtonian scientific analysis bled over to works of philosophy, such as John Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which sought to explain the world empirically, utilizing an analysis of experience rather than Christian morality. Newtonian physics highlighted the scientific and mathematical patterns in the natural world, which inspired certain intellectuals to attempt to apply the logic and reason found in the natural world to the society of Europe. The Enlightenment also coincided with a scientific revolution that saw Isaac Newton’s rise to prominence. Some of these texts include d’Alembert and Diderot’s Encyclopédie and Voltaire’s Dictionnaire philosophique as well as Letters on the English. ![]() Increased literacy as well as the availability of non-religious texts aided in the spread of new ideals and belief systems. Literacyĭuring The Enlightenment, much of Europe experienced an increase in the availability and, subsequently, the publishing of texts that covered philosophical concepts rather than theological concepts. ![]() This time period is earmarked by an increase in literacy, scientific breakthroughs, and a willingness to challenge the long-standing institutions of European society, namely the Catholic Church. With that in mind, read through this AP® European History crash course on the Age of Enlightenment understanding that this time period was pivotal in the development of modern thought.Īs previously stated, The Enlightenment took place from the 1650s through the 1780s throughout Europe. Perhaps the best way to unpack and examine the information presented here about this time period is to understand the great German Philosopher Immanuel Kant’s interpretation of The Enlightenment: this time period was about obtaining the freedom to exercise your own intelligence. Continue reading for an AP® European History review of the Enlightenment! The Enlightenment: what is it? This AP® European History crash course on The Enlightenment will cover the core concept, explore the purpose of this age in European history, and review eventualities in which you might encounter The Enlightenment on the AP® Euro test. The Age of Enlightenment is characterized by social, economic, and political advancement of thought through reason, science, and an increase in literate skill. The Enlightenment, otherwise known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason, took place from the 1650s through the 1780s. In order to see what is still in the Course and Exam Description, explore the course framework here. Note: This article was released prior to the 2015-2016 revision to the AP® European History exam.
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